Ephedra Should Not be Banned :: Sports Athletics Steroids Health Essays

Ephedra Should Not be Banned Nearly everybody cherishes pro athletics. Individuals love to watch wonderful competitors contending furiously against one another. In any case, presently, like never before, to cause it in this world you to must be the most elite. Furthermore, individuals will go to numerous outrageous lengths to be like this. The utilization of steroids in elite athletics is turning out to be increasingly well known. The most recent approach to get more fit, help vitality, and increase a progressively serious edge is by utilizing dietary enhancements like the freshest one; ephedra. Ephedra causes diminished hunger and consumes calories, which brings about weight reduction. Ephedra detonated onto the scene in February of 2003 after a Baltimore Oriole’s pitcher kicked the bucket of warmth stroke from utilizing ephedra. It isn't just utilized by competitors however now use is especially high in light of the fact that more youthful competitors need to be greater, more grounded, and quicker and m ore seasoned competitors need to stay fit as a fiddle and serious. Anything that happens normally is viewed as a food, as is ephedra. This implies ephedra doesn't need to be demonstrated safe of proficient before being put available. The NFL, the NCAA and the Olympics have all chosen to boycott ephedra. In any case, supporters of ephedra state that when utilized appropriately is protected and powerful in weight reduction and vitality gain. They figure it ought to be kept available for individuals who need to utilize it securely. Then again individuals against ephedra feel that since ephedra expands pulse, speeds up the digestion and diminishes the body's capacity to cool itself that it is exceptionally risky and ought to be ordered under the classification of amphetamines, which are unlawful medications, and subsequently ought to be restricted. I imagine that ephedra ought not be restricted. Since they are unlawful in sports I feel that before you can go for a group you ought to must have a medication test and every week they ought to require everybody in secondary school, school, and elite athletics to need to step through an exam as well.

Business Write Up on Tuition Fees Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Write Up on Tuition Fees - Essay Example Fortunately credits will be benefited to take care of the full expense brought about during the investigation with understudy not expected to reimburse these except if they secure employments gaining them in any event 15,000 per year. Along with these there will be awards, bursaries and grants which will assist them with taking care of the expense of living. On meeting qualification rules set for those students from the UK and EU, one can apply for a credit adding up to 3,000 which will cover expenses for every scholastic year. Anyway the individuals who are monetarily steady are not expected to apply. Qualified UK understudies can likewise apply a non-refundable support award adding up to 2,700 every year, 300 bursary and other related types of account. Those concentrating in London and lives away are qualified for a most extreme upkeep credit of up to 6,170 per year while those living with their folks will get a limit of 3,415 per year as support advance, at least 4,630 every year and 2,560 per year individually. Understudies with dependants will be qualified for more help which will be directed by their discretionary cashflow, those with kids can get a 85% childcare costs award joined by up to 1,365 per year additional award. A grown-up dependant will pull in up to 2,400 per year additional award. Finally, the college is offering different scholarsh... Over each one of those understudies who despite everything face monetary troubles much in the wake of getting all the financing are urged to apply to the University's Access to Learning Fund for more help. Effects on the understudies Advantages Understudies will gain information, abilities and mien that will empower them to take an interest at pretty much compelling individuals from gatherings and social orders. Qualified understudies from United Kingdom and European Union will effortlessly survey advances that will assist them with clearing expenses in every scholastic year For those understudies with dependants the college will consider them by giving 85% childcare costs award which will be joined by up to 1,365 yearly additional award. Those with grown-up dependants will get an award adding up to 2,400 every year. These will extraordinarily help this understudies subsequently making their learning smooth and continuous by cases, for example, expenses and dependant's upkeep Understudies will get current and improved offices from the college, this will incorporate a well furnished library with essential examination materials They will get efficient wearing exercises that will draw in territorial and global rivalry in this manner enhancing their extra-educational plan exercises. Detriments The new charge structure will prompt a decreased open door for understudies to join Westminster University This will prompt an impressive diminishing on the quantity of understudies who will apply to join the foundation since a large portion of them will avoid the new expenses. Understudies will encounter disparity dependent on the affirmation framework The absolute understudy obligation will increment because of the charge increase Astute understudies from less wealthy families are bar in the framework consequently denying them a chance to improve their circumstances in life just as making a difference

Implementing Vygotsky’s Model of Child Development

Executing Vygotsky's Social Learning Theoryâ in the Classroom Jodi Zeman Growing and Learning Theories VTE-ED 571 October 25, 2010 Sheryl Bunn 2 Implementing Vygotsky’s Social Learning Theory in the Classroom Contrary to Sigmund Freud's theory, Lev Vygotsky's idea is tied down in the possibility that a kid takes in new complex assignments from a further developed grown-up or kin helping the person in question through these new circumstances. Hisâ cognitive-formative methodology dependent on a thought Jerome Bruner later marked â€Å"scaffolding† (Wood, Bruner, ; Ross, 1976).This individual leads the youngster through undertakings that may somehow or another be unreasonably best in class for a creating childâ alone,â but with the direction and help from the pioneer these are feasible. This gives the kid a guide as the person in question advances and in the long run starts to overcome issues or new undertakings autonomously. A huge piece of theâ success of th e kid has to do with the structureâ or â€Å"scaffolding† the youngster has in placeâ to help that person along theâ journey consequently making social communication a crucial piece of hisâ theory. This idea applies legitimately to the secondary school physical training â€Å"classroom†.There are one of a kind difficulties that an educator goes over when attempting to utilize conventional instructional techniques in an atypical study hall. The learning condition isn't generally helpful for the teacher discussing significant focuses with visual, sound and material prompts to help. There is no â€Å"note taking† or rundown of terms on the whiteboard used to offer support. Insteadâ of anâ educator lecturingâ the hypotheses and major guidelines associated with an action, the educator must play a functioning job toâ engage with the students.Vygotsky's methodology is very involved, in that there isâ no formal separation between the instructor and the 3 unders tudies inâ instruction. The educator collaborates with the understudies and causes them to finish errands that may some way or another be further developed than theyâ would have the option to deal with all alone. A case of this in the zone of physical instruction would be shown inâ an prologue to volleyball. We would begin by assessing methods used to do essential thing aptitudes required for volleyball while presenting the terms and names for these techniques.The instructor would then show these procedures for the understudies to use as a visual guide for what the range of abilities may resemble, and furthermore go over normal traps understudies may look in theâ physical action to lighten pressuresâ some of the understudies may have before endeavoring the activity. We would begin with fundamental specialized aptitudes and allow every understudy to take an interest in the activity. When all the understudies show the fundamental ability examined, we would present a marginally ad ditionally testing variant of the first drill.For occasion, at first the educator or an accomplice would hurl a ball open to question to the individual exhibiting â€Å"the pass† and the member would then attempt toâ pass the volleyball back to the tosser. Different understudies would watch and bolster the understudies when they were fruitful. The idea of physical instruction class lends itself to Vygotsky'sâ cooperative thoughts and group learning style. The understudies can separate into gatherings and work together to improve the abilities set out for the class.A alteration of this activity to make it all the more testing is pair the understudies up and as opposed to hurling the ball back to one another they would attempt to pass the ball to and fro in a controlled way to the next accomplice. They would attempt toâ keep the passes going in a controlled way to and fro to one another. I would then 4 watch and let the understudies attempt to investigate the undertaking wit h an accomplice. On the off chance that there were individuals who battled with the underlying drill I would match themâ up with a colleague who effectively finished the task.Once we complete the underlying prologue to the fundamental aptitude of passing we would then acquaint the class with the real playing region. This would serve both the battling understudy and the one going about as a friend mentor to comprehend the aptitude further. The idea of Vygotsky's hypothesis is grounded in the idea that the earth we are in will have an immediate and ground-breaking job by they way we may learn and develop. This is the reason it is so staggeringly significant for understudies to get positive commendation for their efforts.Anytime the understudies total a mentioned task there ought to be a lifting up of that understudy and acknowledgment that the objective was met. Physical instruction can be somewhat dubious in light of the fact that you have such a significant number of understudies w ith various athletic levels and foundations. The understudies additionally may have confidence issues which are frequently placed into the cutting edge when showing aptitudes before others. This leaves the understudy open to the chance of disappointment of the undertaking and therefore, scorn. That is the reason in P. E. the educator needs to accentuate the significance of exertion more than execution.A inspirational disposition and an exertion filled endeavor is a commendation commendable showing of an activity. Authority will possibly come if the understudy feels sufficiently great to put oneself out there to attempt it.References Bee, H. , ; Boyd, D. (2004). The Developing Child. Recovered from the University of Phoenix e-Bookâ  â â â â Collection database. Barbara Blake and Tambra Pope (2008). Formative Psychology: Incorporating Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s Theories in Classrooms. Diary of Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives in Education Vol. 1, No. 1 (May 2008) 59 †67.

United Airlines Flight free essay sample

This paper looks at the accident of United Airlines flight 232, examining and breaking down the human factors and team asset the executives components, triumphs, and disappointments encompassing the mishap. On July 19, 1989, as the DC-10 plane traveled over Iowa, the fan circle of its tail motor broke separated, and the trash slice through each of the three of the planes water driven lines.â The degree of the harm caused the flight group to lose surface control of the plane. Skipper Alfred C. Haynes, the flight’s administrator, found by karma how they could even now move the plane by utilizing the chokes to alter the force on motors 1 and 2.â However, flying the plane was a certain something; building up a technique to set down the plane and sparing probably a portion of the travelers was another. Commander Haynes credits Crew Resource Management as being one of the variables that spared his own life, and numerous others.â The team had around 45 minutes, from the hour of the motor disappointment until touchdown, and not a solitary moment of it was squandered. We will compose a custom article test on Joined Airlines Flight or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page  The team figured out how to use every accessible asset on board and on the ground with great correspondence, great situational mindfulness, and dynamic critical thinking and dynamic procedures. In the cockpit, the flight group showed a mind boggling level of correspondence and situational awareness.â Captain Haynes conveyed such that made an environment this was a collaboration, that his team would not hold any crucial data UA 232 Crash 3 from him out of dread of upsetting him.â Captain Haynes made his objectives and expectations known to his them through steady correspondence with them and, subsequently, he had a group that upheld him up.â On the ground, the flight group additionally kept up consistent correspondence with ATC. When they at last reached the determination that a terrible accident was unavoidable, they quickly reached for help.â The ground was along these lines very much educated regarding the circumstance on board the plane.â Consequently, all assets that an accident of the scale would require were arranged and made accessible before touchdown. Skipper Haynes additionally promptly had the lodge team educated regarding the situation.â This gave airline stewards adequate measure of time for arrangement. They group, further, didn't have issues with following SOPs. Captain Haynes didn't stop at the motor shutdown agenda yet additionally requested visual examinations of the plane’s condition.â This helped them consider all alternatives that might be accessible to them on how they could fly and land the plane better.â truth be told, there was nothing that the specialists from the ATC proposed that the flight team hadn’t effectively done. The weight of the circumstance, with 297 lives in question, a great deal of them are kids, didn't appear to influence the critical thinking procedure of the team.â Tasks, for example, flying the plane and imparting to the lodge group and the ATC were proficiently delegated.â Everyone was free to participate in the choice making.â A DC-10 educator, who happened to be locally available as a traveler, was even welcomed regardless of whether he was at that point minutes behind what UA 232 Crash 4 was going on in the cockpit.â The group was in front of the circumstance and ensured that those on the ground are with them on it to such an extent that ground assets were following the plane on the off chance that it needed to crash-land in the city. With 185 of the 297 all out travelers and group enduring the overwhelming accident, the UA Flight 232 mishap was viewed as a success.â The business and the specialists of the accident are one in saying that the flight crew’s the board of the circumstance was perfect.â Factors that could have helped spare more lives are those that are as of now past the crew’s control, for example, the human mistakes made in the review of the plane and in one of the water siphon vehicles. The wonder of Flight 232 turned into the most refered to case in the utilization of CRM techniques.â It gave an unmistakable model on how a close to wild circumstance could be made do with victories through great CRM application. References: Krey, N. 1996-2005 Industry CRM Developers Situational Awareness Management Course. from http://www.crm-devel.org/assets/misc/transcan/transcan1.htm NTSB Report AAR-90/06 (pdf). NTSB. Recovered on 2006-08-02.

buy custom Types of Rapists essay

purchase custom Types of Rapists article As indicated by Snow (2006), attackers allude to those individuals who power sex upon others. Assault frequencies are among the most widely recognized sex wrongdoings over the world, and numerous nations are actualizing procedures toward tending to the issue. It is very significant to comprehend various kinds of attackers before planning and actualizing different systems. This conversation will incorporate different kinds of attackers, including power-consolation attackers, power-decisive attackers, outrage counter attackers, and perverted person attackers. Force consolation attackers come up short on the relational abilities and fearlessness to create personal connections with ladies (Snow, 2006). In this manner, a force decisive attacker searches for a potential way, for example, breaking into womens rooms, to engage in sexual relations. They are the least savage and establish around 21 percent of attackers. A force emphatic attacker as a rule utilizes a weapon so as to guarantee that the casualty coordinates well (Snow, 2006). This sort comprises around 44 percent of attackers and is the most widely recognized. Outrage counter attackers establish an interesting type of attackers on the grounds that the culprit is out to rebuff his casualties (Snow, 2006). The casualty will harm his casualties to the degree where they require hospitalization. Outrage reprisal attackers are amazingly perilous, and they establish around 40 percent of attackers. Another type of attackers who for the most part harm their casualties is the perverted person attackers. A twisted person attacker deliberately abuses ladies for his own serious delight (Snow, 2006). They may kill the people in question while attempting to quietness them, and they establish around 5 percent of attackers. For the four kinds of attackers, the guilty party is a male and the casualty is a female. Individuals socially see attackers as those people who come up short on the amicable procedures of tempting ladies (Snow, 2006). The criminal equity framework discovers it needed to identify and catch most attackers since casualties neglect to report their culprits upon dangers. All things considered, the twisted person attackers are the most perilous on the grounds that they typically murder their casualties during the time spent hushing them (Snow, 2006). Purchase custom Types of Rapists article

why mit

why mit i posted the following message in the MIT class of 2021 admits facebook group last night, and wanted to copy it here in case anyone out there is still deciding where to go for college. happy decision day! * * * * * * * * * * * * * hey everyone! just wanted to pop in and say hi as decision day approaches. for those of you whove already decided to come to MIT, yay! welcome! for those of you who are still on the fence, i thought i might share a few thoughts. of course, i wont pretend that my experience represents everyone at MIT. but maybe one more perspective can help you make a hard decision. 1 none of the reasons i love MIT now are the same as the reasons i originally chose to come to MIT. MIT has changed me so much as a person that it kind of shocks me to look back at how different i was as a freshman. a lot of the things that i thought were really important about college (technical rigor, reputation, weather) turned out not to matter as much as the things i didnt even think to think about. things like the one class i took on a whim, but it completely changed how i understand the world, and now im doing a senior project in that field. or the random conversations ive had with neighbors, in the kitchen or in the lounge, late into the morning, talking about everything and learning about everything. MIT is a place full of unknown unknowns things you dont even know that you dont know. its also full of people who really care about those things and who will teach you about them. and youll make friends with those people along the way. 2 MIT is really good at surprising you. things i thought would be super hard turned out to be really easy. things i thought would be really easy turned out to be ridiculously difficult. things i thought would be super interesting turned out to be really boring (to me). things i did just for fun ended up teaching me very important things. these include technical things but also social things, artsy things, teamwork things, social justice things, and a whole lot of other things that are uncategorizable but still important and life-altering. 3 when i was in high school i heard people say that MIT graduates tend to be really grounded, more so than graduates from other schools. i didnt really know what that meant when i was in high school. now i think i do. my classmates have this way of going about things whether its their schoolwork or their side projects or anything else thats focused and hard to describe. grounded is a good approximation of this spirit, but its also something about how they care (its cool to care!) about the work theyre doing. its something about how idealistic they are, but also how they balance that idealism with levelheadedness and practicality. its something about the get-things-done attitude people have, but also about getting things done the *right* way. 4 a lot of things *happen* at MIT. they happen because people make them happen. MIT tends to take away the belief that there are things you cant do. people pick up new skills like pebbles off a beach. they can do that because MIT teaches you how to learn, and then puts you in a community of people who all know things that you dont know. and chances are, you also know things that they dont know! and when you put all those people together, you get a lot of people who make things happen. they get together and someone says, what if we made a roller coaster? or what if we made an a cappella group? or how can we help improve mental health issues in our community? and everyone says, well, why not? and they go and make it happen. * * * anyway, these four things arent really separate things theyre all interwoven into this strange, strange, wonderful cultural object that is MIT. ive found my home and my second family here. MIT has, overall, been good for me, and thats why i want everyone to come here. but i also know its not for everyone, and i know all of you adMITs will go and live interesting lives no matter where you choose to go. with that happy decision day, and hope to see you here next fall :)

Business Case Analysis Example

Mangrove Logistics Limited is a shipping company that specializes in the delivery of horticultural products. This Business Case Analysis example explores the company’s prospects of improved financial performance following the adoption of an ultramodern technology support system. The proposed technology is supposed to replace the current system, which is associated with a previous drop in profits. Mangrove Logistics Limited Case In the first quarter of 2016 fiscal period, Mangrove Logistics Limited reported a 37% drop in profits. The Chief Finance Officer (CFO) attributed the decline to reduced work rate across the departments because of the gross inefficiencies of the company’s outmoded systems. Audit reports showed that close to 60% of the workforce routinely lagged behind deadlines because of the technical flaws in the systems, which affected their speed of work. The chief executive officer, Hemmingway Brown, assigned a taskforce to explore ways of spurring the company’s performance and deliver specific recommendations to the board of directors within one month. According to report, the company needed to adopt new support technologies based on the Siemens model to improve efficiency of processes and enhance harmony across departments. Among the foremost challenges that the changes would entail includes funding and training. The adoption of the system would require a complete overhaul of the company’s internal systems, which would be both costly and disruptive. The raw estimates showed that the changes would result in a 45% increase in expenditure. The figure would surpass the company’s average expenditure by a wide margin. Secondly, the company would incur extra costs that are associated with the hiring of experts to maintain the new system on a regular basis. The report also showed the initial phases of the system’s operation would be marred with some inefficiency because of unfamiliarity and resistance to change. However, the taskforce observed that the new system would eventually shore up the company’s profit by nearly 98% in the fourth year. Expected Rise in Profits Year 2016 2017 2018 2019 Percentage 35% 40% 65% 98% Redundancy is another problem that the management would have to contend with once the new program rolls out. According to the report, about 25% of the staff would be rendered redundant because of the unique merits of the new system. The system is designed with multiple automated systems that would replace many manual processes within all the departments. The chief executive had pledged that there would be no layoffs of staff despite the challenges that the organization had faced in the previous financial years. Therefore, the taskforce suggested the reduction of certain benefits and allowances as a way of enhancing the balance sheet. Expectedly, the reduction or removal of the allowances would be grossly unpopular among the employees and affect their levels of motivation. One recommendation that gained favour within the ranks of the management is the introduction of the voluntary early retirement scheme, which would entail a range of benefits for the willing employees. Overall, system would necessitate multiple changes to improve the efficiency of processes. Many of the changes would entail short-term inconveniences but the long-term consequence would be a significant rise in profit margins. Although the actual financial changes of the program remain indeterminate, the chief executive and the board of directors favoured the idea of initiating the changes at the earliest convenience. The management team shared the view that the new system would give Mangrove Logistics a significant competitive advantage over the traditional competitors. References: Blanpain, R., Tiraboschi, M., Arellano, O. P. A. (2008).  The global labour market: From globalization to flexicurity. Austin: Wolters Kluwer Law Business. Brannock, J. W. (2004).  BCA: Business case analysis : examples, concepts techniques : featuring the 8-day BCA. Plant City, FL: STS Publications. Callender, G. (2008). Efficiency and Management. London: Routledge. Hodulak, M. (2016).  Global corporate workplaces: Implementing new global workplace standards in a local context. Berlin, Germany : Springer Vieweg. Martin, M. (2013).  Business efficiency for dummies. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Hiv/Aids in Nigeria - 6960 Words

CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.0 INTRODUCTION HIV/AIDs has been ranked among the common disease of all times that is threatening us with the extinction of youths and adults. It is not only terrorizing the entire generation but also kills and leaves millions of orphans for the oldest grandparent to carter for. 2.1 HIV/AIDS IN NIGERIA According to USAID brief (2004), Nigerian epidemic is characterized by one of the most rapidly increasing rates of new HIV/AIDS cases in West Africa. Adult HIV prevalence increased from 1.8% in 1991 to 5.8% in 2001. This infection rate, although lower than that of neighboring African countries should be considered in the context of Nigeria’s relatively among population of approximately 117†¦show more content†¦Gilberto (2003) further opined that recognized AIDS victims who are treated nastily and viewed as living corps, the are usually rejected by friends and sometimes denied by relatives and out rightly deprived of their means of livelihood must be discouraged, as this certain to cause serious obstacles or discouragement in their efforts to fight the virus already eating deep into their immune systems. It is pertinent for individuals parents, guardians and NGO’s to rise up and face the challenges of the murderous intentions of AIDs vir us and not the victims or else, HIV/AIDS virus victims would continue to go into hiding for fear of not being treated as outcast and thereafter deliberately spreading it to innocent people before their own time. 2.2 HIV/AIDS: A DEVELOPMENT ISSUE Macintyre Kate Lisanne and Steven (2003) are of the view that; HIV/AIDS was initially conceived of as a health issue, and was separated from the general development context – it was a problem to be dealt clearly by health professionals. It is now clearly that the HIV epidemic is clearly associated with and exacerbated by the wider challenging to development poverty, food and childhood insecurity and gender inequality. The systemic effects of the disease are inarguable. A holistic approach to programming is needed in order to address the effects of theShow MoreRelatedEPIDEMIOLOGICAL REPORT OF HIV/AIDS INFECTION IN NIGERIA INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND: HIV (Human2400 Words   |  10 Pages EPIDEMIOLOGICAL REPORT OF HIV/AIDS INFECTION IN NIGERIA INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND: HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a retrovirus which infects, impairs or destroys the cells of the immune system and functions. Progression of the infection (severe immunodeficiency) leads to weaker immune system rendering an individual susceptible to more infections. These infections are termed opportunistic infections. At its most advanced phase, HIV is called AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)Read MoreThe United Nation s Millennium Development Goals1021 Words   |  5 Pagesis the combat of diseases such as HIV/AIDS and malaria in all countries. There are many countries that have made significant progress in the combat of disease; Nigeria is no exception. This is due to Nigeria exponentially increasing there treatment and counseling facilities for HIV/AIDS, along with the distribution of millions of insecticide-treated products to combat malaria. However, this doesn’t mean that their fight is over; and there are many ways that Nigeria can improve today. This c ase studyRead MoreHiv Is A Human Immunodeficiency Virus1721 Words   |  7 PagesPicture this: a young child who is very skinny, ribs and all other bones are showing through the skin, they are born with HIV. it then leads to AIDS, due to their parents. HIV is a Human Immunodeficiency Virus. If HIV is left untreated, it can lead to AIDS, which is an acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. In Nigeria, Africa millions of people have the disease of AIDS and HIV. There is not many treatment options or solutions for this serious issue that takes place all over the country. There are aRead MoreExamining Knowledge Attitude And Sexual Practice Towards Hiv / Aids Among Students1008 Words   |  5 PagesEXAMINING KNOWLEDGE ATTITUDE AND SEXUAL PRACTICE TOWARDS HIV/AIDS AMONG SENIOR SECONDARY STUDENTS IN NIGERIA: A PUBLIC HEALTH ANALYSIS BY RASHEEDAT OLUWAKEMI OJIKUTU AND MONSURAT OLUBUKOLA OJIKUTU INTRODUCTION Several studies were reviewed to assess the level of knowledge, attitude and practice towards HIV/AIDS among secondary schools students in Nigeria, in order to determine the existing gaps and to provide future recommendations. Specific Aims The specific aims for this review are as follows;Read MoreLow Life Expectancy in Developing Country of Nigeria666 Words   |  3 Pagesdiseases such as HIV/AIDS. This essay will look at the main causes of these problems and give possible solutions, taking Nigeria as a case study, where life expectancy is 52 years with a rank of 182 out of 194 nations (WORLD HEALTH REPORT 2000). It will conclude by arguing that media and government need to take a more active approach to tackle these problems in developing countries. Nigeria has over 160 million people and one of the major problems effecting life expectancy is the HIV virus and acquiredRead MoreAids, Hiv, And Aids1726 Words   |  7 PagesAIDS and HIV in Africa Picture this: a young child who is very skinny, ribs and all other bones are showing through the skin, they are born with HIV. it then leads to AIDS, due to their parents. HIV is a Human Immunodeficiency Virus. If HIV is left untreated, it can lead to AIDS, which is an acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. In Nigeria, Africa millions of people have the disease of AIDS and HIV. There is not many treatment options or solutions for this serious issue that takes place all over theRead MoreHiv And Its Effects On Nigeria, Lower Respiratory Infections, And Hiv ( Cdc )884 Words   |  4 PagesAs of 2013, the CDC listed that the top 3 causes of mortality in Nigeria are malaria, lower respiratory infections, and HIV (CDC, 2013). HIV is the third leading cause of deaths in Nigeria and account for 9% of all deaths (CDC, 2013). HIV is the virus that causes AIDS, or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. It can be contracted through the exchange of bodily fluids with another infected individual. I n Nigeria, the spread of HIV occurs through high prostitution rates, unsafe sexual practices,Read MoreThe Millennium Development Goals : A Global Vision For The Future1447 Words   |  6 PagesThey created a momentum that brought the issue of development back on the international agenda, overcame aid fatigue and galvanized the public. With the MDGs’ expiration date of 2015 fast approaching, the world community is focusing on the development of a post-2015 agenda. This paper seeks to contribute to this process by highlighting the main strengths and weaknesses of the MDGs in Nigeria and Haiti, deriving the lessons that can be learned from almost 15 years of experience with the MDGs. BuildingRead MoreAids : Hiv And Aids1144 Words   |  5 PagesHIV/AIDS IN NIGERIA Introduction The first case of HIV was reported in 1981 and since then, it has spread rapidly turning into a pandemic (WHO 2014). Thirty-five million people currently live with HIV worldwide and 2.1 million deaths were recorded in 2013 (WHO 2014). HIV in the WHO African region is the highest in the world as the continent bears 70% of the disease burden (WHO AFRO 2013). In 2013, 24 million people in Africa were reported to be living with HIV. One of the high burden countries inRead MoreImpact Of Hiv In Nigeria704 Words   |  3 Pagesmillion (PRB 2016) and an HIV prevalence of 3.4% (FMoH 2013), HIV/AIDS continues to be a major public health concern in Nigeria. Recent estimates indicate that the annual number of new infections in the country has been on a steady decline, decreasing from 288,870 in 2009 to 220,394 in 2013 (NACA 2014). Nigeria’s epidemic is generalized, with wide variations in HIV prevalence within the country, across age groups, and population sub-groups. Across age groups, the national HIV prevalence ranges from

How Nature and Nurture Affects the Pies in Adolescence and...

D1) Evaluate how nature and nurture may affect the physical, intellectual, emotional and social development at infancy and adolescence. Introduction To achieve D1 I am going to evaluate how nature and nurture can affect the PIES development at infancy and adolescence. Firstly nature (when inheritance of genes and characteristics are involved) and nurture (when environmental influences and how people are brought up) can both affect a person’s development. In this evaluation I am going to evaluate how the nature affects the PIES at infancy and what theories are behind them. Secondly how the nurture can affect the PIES in infancy. Then I will go on to evaluate how the nature can affect the PIES in adolescence and then how the nurture†¦show more content†¦This could mean that while the infant’s physical development is progressing, they may be less active than others. Intellectual-Nature Whilst the mother is pregnant if the baby is exposed to toxic chemicals, foods of a certain kind, or also stress from the mother then this can permanently change the cognitive development. Infancy is one of the main times when the child begins to develop their intellectuality so this means that if any of the above have been exposed to much to the baby, when they are going through infancy they may struggle with their cognitive development. Those mothers that smoke, eat unhealthy foods or go through stress or trauma whilst they are pregnant usually notice a risk of delayed cognitive development when the child is an infant. On the other hand if the mother doesn’t smoke, eats healthy and remains stress and trauma free whilst going through the pregnancy, the infants cognitive development is usually normal.

The Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 2002 - 1600 Words

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Sophie Cook Houston Baptist University The Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 Introduction In the early 2000s, corporate financial statement fraud was rampant, as companies such as Enron and WorldCom used shady accounting practices to inflate their revenues and hide losses. This led to the introduction of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the most extensive form of accounting reform legislation ever passed. It had many consequences for publicly traded companies and public accounting firms, some of which were positive, while others were detrimental. One of the detrimental impacts, the cost of compliance, was alleviated at least partially by the introduction of Auditing Standard Five in 2007. This paper will examine the time period leading up to the passage of the act, the different parts of the legislation, the introduction of Auditing Standard Five, and the impact on registrants and auditors. History In the summer of 2001, questions began to arise about the integrity of Houston energy company Enron’s financial statements. In December, they filed for bankruptcy as their fraud came to light and the United States government froze all of their assets and began prosecuting their executives and their external auditing firm Arthur Anderson (Franzel 2014). Enron was not the only company using accounting loopholes to mislead stockholders though; Global Crossing, Tyco, Aldephia, WorldCom, and Waste Management all underwent investigation for similarShow MoreRelatedSarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002985 Words   |  4 Pages Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Week # 2 Individual Assignment â€Æ' Sox Key Main Aspects for a Regulatory Environment Sarbanes-Oxley Act was passed in 2002 by former president George Bush. Essentially to combat the Enron crisis. The Sox Act basically has regulatory control and creates an enviroment that is looking out for the public. Ideally this regulatory environment protects the public from fraud within corporations. Understanding, that while having this regulatoryRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 20021614 Words   |  7 PagesThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) was enacted to bring back public trust in markets. Building trust requires ethics within organizations. Through codes of ethics, organizations are put in line to conduct themselves in a manner that promotes public trust. Through defining a code of ethics, organizations can follow, market becomes fair for investors to have confidence in the integrity of the disclosures and financial reports given to them. The code of ethics include â€Å"the promotion of honest andRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 2002 Essay1605 Words   |  7 Pages well-known acts have been signed into laws by the presidents at the time to protect investors and consumers alike. A brief overview of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, a discussion of some of the provisions therein, opinions of others regarding the act and also my personal and professional opinion will be discussed below. The same will be examined about the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Senators Paul Sarbanes and Michael Oxley were the sponsors of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002Read MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 20021563 Words   |  7 PagesThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) was enacted to bring back public trust in markets. Building trust requires ethics within organizations. Through codes of ethics, organizations conduct themselves in a manner that promotes public trust. Through defining a code of ethics, organizations can follow, the market becomes fair for investors to have confidence in the integrity of the disclosures and financial reports given to them. The code of ethics includes the promotion of honest and ethical conductRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 20021015 Words   |  5 PagesThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, also known as the SOX Act, is enacted on July 30, 2002 by Congress as a result of some major accounting frauds such as Enron and WorldCom. The main objective of this act is to recover the investors’ trust in the stock market, and to p revent and detect corporate accounting fraud. I will discuss the background of Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and why it became necessary in the first section of this paper. The second section will be the act’s regulations for the management, externalRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 2002 Essay1070 Words   |  5 Pagesof Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. This Act was placed into law to protect the consumer against fraudulent activity by organizations. This paper will provide a brief history of the law and discuss some of the ethical components and social implications on corporations. This research will provide information on how the Sarbanes-Oxley Act affects smaller organizations and how it encourages employees to inform of wrong doings. Brief Synopsis of Sarbanes-Oxley The U.S. Congress passed the Sarbanes-OxleyRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 20022137 Words   |  9 Pagesdishonest act that remained common amongst companies such as Enron, WorldCom, and Tyco was the fabrication of financial statements. These companies were reporting false information on their financial statements so that it would appear that the companies were making profits. However, those companies were actually losing money instead. Because of these companies’ actions, the call to have American businesses to be regulated under new rules served as a very important need. In 2002, Paul Sarbanes from theRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 20021525 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Cheeseman, 2013). Congress ordered the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX Act) to shield customers from the fraudulent exercises of significant partnerships. This paper will give a brief history of the SOX Act, portray how it will shield general society from fraud inside of partne rships, and give a presumption to the viability of the capacity of the demonstration to shield purchasers from future frauds. History of the SOX Act Congress established the Sarbanes-Oxley ActRead MoreSarbanes Oxley Act of 20021322 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Descriptions of the main aspects of the regulatory environment which will protect the public from fraud within corporations are going to be provided in this paper. A special attention to the Sarbanes – Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) requirement; along with an evaluation of whether Sarbanes-Oxley Act will be effective in avoiding future frauds based on their implemented rules and regulations. The main aspects of the regulatory environment are based on the different laws and regulationsRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 2002 Essay1302 Words   |  6 PagesThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 was the result of a number of large financial scandals in the United States in the late 1990s and early 2000s. One of the most well-known corporate accounting scandals was the Enron scandal, which was exposed in 2001. Enron, an energy company that was considered one of the most financially sound corporations in the United States before the scandal, produced false earnings reports to shareholders and kept large debts off the accounting books (Peavler, 2016). Enron executives

The Poison Tree by Andres Medina - 719 Words

The Poison Tree by Andres Medina The poison tree the author speaks about the containment of emotion.The author is angry at his friend but forgives him so his anger ends.†I was angry with my friend:I told my wrath, my wrath did end.†(Blake).I was angry with my foe:I told it not, my wrath did grow.(Blake)The author gets angry with his enemy but doesnt tell him so it doesnt end , and grows into a tree.The tree then produces a fruit, â€Å"Till it bore an apple bright.†(Blake)The enemy steals the apple, and eats it.The foe who ate the apple lies died under the tree of poison â€Å"My foe outstretched beneath the tree.† (Blake) .This poem main theme is the containment of emotions.William Blake uses tone,metaphors,and other literary devices to express the theme of emotions in his poem. The tone of the poison tree switches from being able to forgive to anger.†I was angry with my friend:I told my wrath, my wrath did end.†(Blake) He forgives his friend and the anger ends immediately.Then he talks about his enemy I was angry with my foe:I told it not, my wrath did grow.(Blake) This shows that the tone has changed.The author was able to forgive his friend but not his enemy.This leads to his anger to keep growing my wrath did grow.(Blake) This brings us back on the theme of containment of emotions.The author has a change of tone we he speaks of his foe.His foe is the reason of his anger.If the speaker would to talk to his foe it might just end.The containment of emotion

Laminar Forced Convective Heat Transfer Free Essays

Statement of the research: We consider steady laminar and fully developed fluid motion in the annulus of two circular pipes with longitudinal fins attached to the outer surface of the inner pipe. The fins are straight, non porous and uniformly distributed around the region with parabolic cross section and are assumed to be highly conductive. At the inner pipe wall the flow is subjected to be thermal boundary condition of uniform heat input per unit axial length with circumferentially uniform temperature at any cross section. We will write a custom essay sample on Laminar Forced Convective Heat Transfer or any similar topic only for you Order Now Under highly conductive thin wall assumption, this boundary condition to be imposed at the interface of fluid and thin wall. Through numerical simulation of laminar convection in the annulus region we investigate the effect of parabolic fin configuration in the annulus region. Introduction Heat exchanger are used in a wide range of engineering areas of energy production and conversion for example the generation of electric power. Geothermal sources, chemical processing, space heating. All of these application involve heat transfer phenomena. The design of heat exchanger like boiler condenser and radiators, their size and performance analysis is necessary for heat transfer. The performance of heat exchanger system may be improved by employing various techniques. We can use the treated surface, rough surface, coiled surface, helical surface, surface variation and fluid variation etc. The use of double pipe heat exchanger is very important it is simplest to all heat exchanger. Double pipe is also known as concentric pipe. Typically double pipe heat exchanger are design to provided counter current flow and also used for low heat duties. The inner pipe can be plan or have longitudinal fins are attached to increase the surface available for heat transfer. The use of fins is very important. These fins are attached by welding. When we cannot increase the heat transfer coefficient and the temperature difference between object and fluid. Calculation of fin efficiency in heat exchanger engineering is very important because of the evaluation of the fin surface performance. Aim of the research: The aim of optimization is to find the number and shape of the fins and the way of placement beside each other in a way that achieve the most rate of heat transfer. We want to see that if we change the shape of fins what will be the effect on the rate of heat transfer. Literature review: Cuce,E, et al (2017).A longitudinal cylindrical fin profile in under interest for the optimization research. The effect of longitudinal parabolic perforation on the fin parameters such as temperature distribution, effectiveness and efficiency in which the fin surface is cooled by convection and radiation. CHO, H, et al (2014).The effect of fin geometry on the performance of a concentric heat exchanger. The concentric heat exchanger consist of inner and outer tube. The inner tube has a lot of serrated fins manufactured on its surface to increase the heat transfer performance. Both inner and outer tubes have the same length. The fin height should be determined by the criteria of the pressure drop. Iqbal, Z, et al (2011). Parabolic fins have been investigated for maximum convection flow is considered to be steady, laminar, incompressible and fully developed subjected to constant flux boundary condition. Finite element method is employed to compute field variable for providing function values. A comparison of optimal configuration of parabolic fins with those of trapezoidal and triangular fins indicate no single fin shape. Mohapatra, K, et al (2015). To determine the heat transfer and fluid flow characteristic of an internally finned tube for changing the flow conditions Oclon, p, et al (2015). The heat exchanger is used to cool down the hot flue gas. The CFD (computational fluid dynamic) simulation were conducted in order to determine the velocity and temperature variations for flue gas flow in the inlet tubular space of a cross flow heat exchanger. The total heat transfer rate, outlet gas temperature and the maximum temperature of tube wall for various gas inlet velocities were determined. Syed, K.S, et al (2011). A steady and laminar flow has been numerically simulated in a fully developed annulus region of a finned double pipe subjected to the fixed boundary condition at the inner pipe wall, friction factor, Nusselt number flow characteristic against variation in the ratio of radii of inner pipe and outer pipe, fin height, fin half angle number of fins all of these shows the significant enhancement in the heat transfer in both cases. When sufficient pumping power is available or not. Shah.R.K et. al (2003). Double pipe heat exchanger are economical closed cycle cooling system where a suitable water is available at a reasonable cost to meet the water requirements. The design analysis and comparative study on different flow types is carried out theoretically and experimentally. The performance analysis is done by CFD (computational fluid dynamic) and the total effectiveness is determined. Taler, D, et al (2014) plate fin and tube heat exchanger operate in a cross flow. In order to determine the velocity field and heat transfer characteristic the numerical method must be used. The CFD (computational fluid dynamic) codes allows to obtain the local values of the heat transfer co efficient. these values of heat transfer co efficient can be obtained by the heat transfer formula for the nusselt number, determined with CFD simulation, that can be directly implemented in the thermal designing procedure of the flow heat exchanger. Method /Approuch: There are many choice of numerical method for solving partial differential equations. Which method is more efficient than the other method depending on the particular problem. We study the two numerical method. The finite difference method and the Discontinuous Galerkin method. We use Discontinuous Galerkin Finite Element Method (DGFEM) as compared to finite difference method because the DGFEM (Discontinuous finite element method) is flexible with complex geometries it also overcomes the key limitation on achieving the high order accuracy on general grids. Moreover the discontinuous nature between the elements make the method suitable for multiphysics. DG (Discontinuous Galerkin) method are readily parallelized. The finite difference method is conceptually simple and easy to implement. But has difficulties in handling complex geometries of the computational domain. Our problem is solving the effect of parabolic fin thickness and fin height laminar convection in the annulus double pipe heat exchanger. To solve our problem we will seek the efficient numerical method that most accurate approximation at low computational cost. References Cuce, E., Oztekin, E. K., Cuce, P. M. (2017). Heat transfer enhancement in cylindrical fins through longitudinal parabolic perforations. International Journal of Ambient Energy, 1-7. CHO, H., KIM, T., KIM, J., LEE, C., CHOI, J. (2014). Simulation results for the effect of fin geometry on the performance of a concentric heat exchanger. International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration, 22(04), 1450026. Iqbal, Z., Syed, K. S., Ishaq, M. (2011). Optimal convective heat transfer in double pipe with parabolic fins. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 54(25-26), 5415-5426 Mohapatra, K., Mishra, D. P. (2015). Effect of fin and tube configuration on heat transfer of an internally finned tube. International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat Fluid Flow, 25(8), 1978-1999. Oc?o?, P., ?opata, S., Nowak, M., Benim, A. C. (2015). Numerical study on the effect of inner tube fouling on the thermal performance of high-temperature fin-and-tube heat exchanger. Progress in Computational Fluid Dynamics, An International Journal, 15(5), 290-306. Syed, K. S., Ishaq, M., Bakhsh, M. (2011). Laminar convection in the annulus of a double-pipe with triangular fins. Computers Fluids, 44(1), 43-55. Shah, R. K., Sekulic, D. P. (2003). Fundamentals of heat exchanger design. John Wiley Sons. Taler, D., Oc?o?, P. (2014). Determination of heat transfer formulas for gas flow in fin-and-tube heat exchanger with oval tubes using CFD simulations. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 83, 1-11. How to cite Laminar Forced Convective Heat Transfer, Papers

Handling Conflict free essay sample

INTRODUCTION: In this world every working organization is having its own conflicts and the way of managing that conflicts are also differ from others. Conflicts can become cause of stress for organization and for individual. There are different types of conflicts and several ways of resolving the conflicts. In this report, the conflicts of one working organization can be shown and the recommendations according to the â€Å"Blake and Mouton’s model of handling conflicts† to solve the conflicts of the organization. BACKGROUND OF ORGANIZATION: The organization is called â€Å"International Media Cooperation† working as private channel since 1990. The organization is based in Pakistan and having one office in Dubai and one in United Kingdom. It broadcasts the transmission to different countries like Dubai, Pakistan, United Kingdom, and United States of America. There are different department in each office having large numbers of employees. There is one labor union to solve small issues of labors. Every department has a manager and an assistant manager. The organization is at the highest position in the market of Pakistan, with many competitors. As other organizations, this organization is also having several conflicts and to keep the organization alive and at the top of others, the conflicts should be resolved. Before exploring the conflict of the organization, it is essential to understand conflict and its types. CONFLICT: Conflict is state of mind it usually arises between two parties and these two parties are aware of that conflict. In any national or multinational organization, every individual has separate values and interest, these values and interest become base of conflicts. Conflict may arise among employees of the organization, between different departments, within working group and with shareholders. Within the organization there are many reasons which can create conflict like wages, equal opportunities, negotiations and employee involvement. CONTRASTING FRAME OF REFERENCING: There are four types of frame of conflict which are based on different characteristics made by ALAN FOX in 1966-1973. These frames are described as follow: 1. Unitarist 2. Pluralist 3. Interactionist 4. Redical †¢ THE UNITARIST: Stephen Ackroyd and Paul Thompson (1999) and Johnson (2000) have given the important points of the unitarist . According to Stephen and Paul, unitarist believes a commonality of interests between organization’s employees and the senior of the organization like managers. Unitarist assumes that manager is changing the behavior of the employees of the organization, having some conflict, by the help of conflict resolving methods. †¢ THE PLURALIST: This frame of reference considers that organization is an assemblage and every group has dissimilar interests which may cause conflicts. This frame refuses, that the employees and the management of the organization are both having same interest. According to the pluralist, the conflict is irresistible but not that much harmful. Conflict can be use as a positive energy by observing the bad points of the organization and to make changes for the betterment of the organization. †¢ THE INTERACTIONIST: This frame of reference assumes that for the effective and impressive performance, the conflict can become one of the energetic and positive force. The interactionist accept that the conflict is unavoidable should be promote whenever it comes forth in view. If there is peaceful environment in every department, the chances of groupthink will be increased as identified by Irving Janis in 1982 and by Coser and Schwenk in 1990. In order to make employees motivated and active, managers in the organization keep fear and conflict but minimum level. †¢ THE RADICAL: The radical frame views that any organization or workplace is the platform where conflict usually arises between employees and manager. This frame is established on the Karl Marx review of capitalism. Marx’s research has two basic elements, the first, â€Å"means of production† which refers to the raw material and machines and, the second, â€Å"organization of labour† which refers to the employees. CONFLICTS CAN CAUSE STRESS: In organization every employee has his own ideas and interests. These separate views can cause conflict and may become a reason to unpleasant environment in the organization. If an employee is in conflict with someone at work, then he can suffer from anger, fear and different psychological problems. Conflict can act as a stressor. According to Landis and Umberson (1988), conflict has strong effect on any individual working in organization. CONFLICTS OF INTERNATIONAL MEDIA COOPERATION: The international media cooperation is medium size organization. It has different offices in different countries. In each office several employees are working at many levels in separate departments. Many senior managers with great experience engage with this organization but the problems usually arise which are uncontrollable for the managers. Nevertheless, experience person in the organization, does effect the performance of the organization but this is the science and technology era which changes rapidly. In this organization abundant of conflicts exist which are becoming reasons of fall of performance and unpleasant environment of the organization. Some of the conflicts of this organization are described as follow. STAFF MANAGEMENT: The international media cooperation works is multinational company. Mostly, transfer of staff in this type of organization is very common. If one experience manager of the east got transferred to the west, problems will create in managing staff of different culture. The communication between employees and the manager of diverse culture becomes arduous. Every country has distinct laws and it has strong influence on the organization. If the manager is not aware of laws of the country, management of employees becomes indurate. CONFLICT BETWEEN MANAGER AND INDIVIDUAL: Though, managers of the organization are skillful but unaware with the latest ways of management. The use of antiquated ideas and practices may become cause of misunderstanding. The mangers of this organization are arrogant and do not want any employee to explore their qualities. In addition, managers become more concern about their jobs because of confronting capable employees of lower positions. Whenever, managers have to cope with multicultural talented employees, managers become impolite and because of this personal fear of managers, the communication gap between managers and employees is increasing steadily. CONFLICT WITHIN GROUPS: In 1997 De Drue and Van de Vliert assumed that the conflict in group or in the relation of individuals depends on the personal choice, style, preferences and opposing values. In this organization every department has its own goals to achieve. Some departments make group of employees to handle certain situation. Everyone is different from others and has personal view and ideas. But in group working these personal views can be disliked by other employees. Few of the employees are over efficient and do not pin their ears back. Managers mostly do not interfere in these matters and give priorities to other work. Minor conflict within the groups can make organization far from its goal. STEREOTYPES: Some of the employees of different departments consider that they are unique and prestigious for organization. In this organization, mostly the employees working in human resource management, finance and production assume that they are superior to other employees of different department. Some of employees are from rich background and do not want to assist person of middle class and steadily lead to the conflict. When an employee from one country goes to different country offices to work, sometimes, has to face stereotype employees of diverse culture. An organization is the place where one spends most of the time and whenever one has to work with stereotype employees then it becomes difficult to focus on the goal. CONFLICT WITHIN VIRTUAL TEAMS: According to Yuhyung Shin (2005), Virtual teams are the group of employees which are geographically scattered and use technological modes to achieve the goal of the organization. In this organization, employees have to coordinate with of other countries employees, with the help of telephone and information technology. For instance, when a transmission officer has to broadcast any program to other countries, he has to coordinate to the employees of that country office. Furthermore, employees usually are unable to understand the information and instruction by technological modes. It becomes difficult for the employee to receive guidance and elucidate the task when the manager or senior is not physically present. These misunderstanding between employees of diverse culture and different background create conflicts within virtual teams. LACK OF COORDINATION: Coordination is obligatory when the organization has divided the task into groups. In this organization, groups are there within departments to accomplish the small tasks and then there are virtual teams to coordinate and to bring good performance. Because of arrogant managers of the organization, stereotype employees and mismanagement, the coordination among employees of the organization becomes atrocious. Lack of coordination leads conflicts and less hierarchy or harmony in the organization. TIME MANAGEMENT: Time management is very essential in this organization. If any program has to be on air then everyone has to be cautious of time. In different cultures people act in dissimilar ways. If the time is important for employees of one country, it is not necessary has the same importance for the other country employees. Some employees in some countries do linger work. In addition, lack of coordination cause delays of work and mismanagement of time effects on employees and the organization performance. CONFLICT MANAGEMENT: It is necessary to resolve the conflicts to achieve the goal of the organization and to make better performance. There are myriad ways to manage the conflicts in the organization. It depends on the organization which theory they want to apply to solve the conflicts. Several theories can be found on conflict management but the effective one is of Blake and Mouton theory of Leadership Grid. BLAKE AND MOUTON LEADERSHIP GRID: Robert Blake and Jane Mouton invented a theory in 1964 which is known as â€Å"The Blake and Mouton Leadership Grid. Many of the companies in America, Japan and England accept their view that the main hindrance in way of success is the planning and communications. With the help of Blake and Mouton model one can identify the conflicts and recuperate the management style of the organization. According to this model, there are two important aspects of management style. The concern for production is the first one, which involve task achievement, unit of output, quantity of good ideas and the burden of work. The second concern is for people, which involves employee needs, commitment, job security, obligations and interactive associations. The four styles of Blake and Mouton Leadership Grid are as follow: †¢ Impoverished management: This style is based on belief that conflict can be resolve if a person takes neutral position. A person should eschew with those people who are avoiding conflict. Avoiding involve passive stance. This avoidance is become lose situation. One cannot avoid the importance of conflict in the organization. †¢ Authority-compliance management: This style assumes that controlling of employees is essential. It believes that employees of the organization will perform well when they feel controlled by someone. Managers are more concern for the production of the organization instead of employee feelings, attitude and ideas. This forcing, confrontational style creates win-lose situation. †¢ Country club management: This style assumes that performance will be better if managers keep friendly relations with employees. This can reduce the conflicts in the organization. This accommodating style creates lose-win situation. †¢ Middle of the road management: It is based of belief that whenever there is conflict, it is essential to compromise. It is good to accept others ideas and to cooperate with other employees of the organization. It will be beneficial for the organization if one employee helps other employees and understand others situation. †¢ Team management: This style based on belief that there is no conflict between employees and the organization because needs of both are congruent. This seems the most effective style of the model. It concern for both, employees and for management. This style creates win-win situation. RECOMMENDATION FOR INTERNATIONAL MEDIA COOPERATION: International media cooperation is confronting with several conflicts. It will be beneficial for them to use â€Å"Team management† style of Blake and Mouton model. Team management style focus on that the management and the employees need are interconnected. It satisfied both, the employees and the organization. It involves exchange of information and gives priority to good ideas. Moreover, managers have to understand employees and give chance to explore their ideas. Managers’ aim is to build team work for that it is necessary to resolve the conflict. There will increase in productivity and performance if the conflicts resolve by managers. Coordination will become better if one starts understanding others point of view and put one’s self in others shoe. Communication will be reduced and conflicts can be resolved if one give chance to other to present idea and keep one similar objective in mind. ACTION PLAN: This is a duty of managers to observe the working style of each employee. Managers should be more energetic and concern for the organizational objective. Training is necessary for everyone in the organization. If the organization is medium size, then it should give training to managers and then managers can transfer their knowledge to other employees by doing workshops. Coordination can become better if managers give right instructions to the employees. Managers have to make employees believe, that the organization objective is similar to the employee. CONCLUSION: In every organization, some conflicts do exist. Sometime conflicts arise among individual, sometimes between employees and organization. The major conflict arises because of the communication gap or miscommunication. International media cooperation is also facing some conflicts. There is always a solution of the problem. Many conflict theories are there to resolve conflict but the best one is of Blake and Mouton of leadership grid. The international media cooperation should adhere to the conflict management theory of Blake and Mouton. Nevertheless, it depends on the organization to choose one of method of conflict management but in â€Å"team management† everybody is going to win. Reduction in conflict will be effective for the environment of the organization and for the performance.

Cause and Effects of Teen Drug Abuse free essay sample

Teen Drug Abuse in America In today’s society drugs are taking away our children’s lives and it is making headlines every day. â€Å"In Vancouver, Washington, a 13-year old boy was found dead after allegedly swallowing twenty-four cold-medicine pills to get high† (Taylor 45). â€Å"Nine Florida middle-school students were taken to the hospital after their strange behavior and illness at school led school officials to discover that they had overdosed on an over-the-counter cold medication† (Taylor 45). A children’s hospital in Wisconsin treated two teenage girls for liver failure after they consumed close to 20 tablets containing a common cold remedy. † (Taylor 45). There are many more cases like this happening every day. Why is drug abuse increasing amongst American teens? Teens use drugs because of curiosity, family influence, and painful emotions. One reason for teen drug use is curiosity to experiment with drugs. Some children are left at h ome during the summer or after school and become bored. They try drugs to cure their boredom. Two major conditions necessary for drug and alcohol use, is availability and acceptability† (Teen Drug Abuse 26). â€Å"In a recent survey of high school students, more than 70% of students reported it was easy to buy drugs at school† (Teen Abuse 26). They often use drugs if it fits toward them so they can find the drug that best fits them. â€Å"During their adolescence, drug use by peers and older role models are strong influences on teens’ experimentation and regular use habits† (Teen Drug Abuse 26). The places where they can find drugs are in the most common and innocent place and even places of learning. Drugs are found in high schools consist of marijuana, alcohol, pain killers, saliva, crystal meth, and even cocaine. â€Å"Kids who seek these and other effects can buy the drug at a local store, find it in medicine cabinets at home. † (Teen Abuse of LEGAL Drugs is serious Medicine 46). And sometimes they hang around other children that do drugs together as a group. â€Å"Unlike other adolescents, these addicted teen moved into peer groups that embrace drug use† (Teen Drug Abuse 26). You may think that if you keep using a particular drug, you will be addicted to it, but that does not always happen. Most adolescent who experiment with drugs and alcohol do not become addicted† (Teen Drug Abuse 26). But it is bad enough they get too comfortable of using drugs, they often don’t care about the trouble that comes with it. â€Å"Those who move onward to abuse and addiction do not stop with occasional use. They begin to use marijuana, tobacco, and alcohol on a reg ular basis, and will seek the drugs even when they begin to suffer negative consequences† (Teen Drug Abuse 26). The negative consequence affects the daily life of drug abusers but destroys future. Also, another reason that children abuse drugs is that they are affected by the parents’ home lifestyle. â€Å"Although peer influence is a large force in teenagers’ lives, families continue to have much influence on their teenagers† (Teen Drug Abuse 28). The parent’s reasons are different, some may not allow drugs, but there some parents that allow their children to do drugs. â€Å"If substance is legal or adults, parents tend to think it’s safe for use by children† (Teen Drug Abuse 28). Parents allow drugs or alcohol to be used around the house with them there and having it at parties that their children are hosting. They believe that supervised drinking is not harmful, and they purchase alcohol for parties for their teens, and share their cigarettes with their teens† (Teen Drug Abuse 28). Some parents even have the medicines open to have easy access and their children lured themselves in of taking them. They also give them prescripti on medicine to use when they are not feeling well. †Not only are medication with high addictive potential stored in easily accessible cabinets, parents will give their pain killers, tranquilizers, and stimulants to their children for relief of mild pain, sleeplessness, or weight control† (Teen Drug Abuse 28). Mainly, some parents leave their children alone at home, or just leave them unsupervised. â€Å"Research studies have founded that adolescents who do not find a parent at the home after school are more likely to smoke tobacco regularly, drink and get drunk regularly, and use marijuana regularly than teens that are better supervised† (Teen Drug Abuse 28). These teens that are less likely to be supervised are using drugs more. â€Å"Unsupervised adolescents report a greater interest in trying illegal drugs that do teenagers who have a parent home to greet them when they return from school† (Teen Drug Abuse 28). Not having rules in the household affects the child and not communicating with them about their dreams, conflicts at school. â€Å"Levels of communication and trust also are low in the families we treat. † â€Å"Parents tend to be uncomfortable expressing their values and concerns to their children, and concerns to their parents about their problems and dream† (Teen Abuse 29). A way to prevent abuse of drugs, is simply talking with your child. â€Å"Just by talking to your kids you can decrease drug use probably by about a third,† said Thomas Gleaton, Jr. , president and co-founder of PRIDE† (TEEN DRUG ABUSE: BRINGING THE MESSAGE HOME 92). Finally, one of the important reasons why teens use drugs is to cope with their pain about everyday life and have fun with just because it feels good to use it. â€Å"Teens are using drugs and alcohol not to rebel or get high but as a way to escape for a short period of time† (USA TODAY Section: Life, Pg. 06). â€Å"The increasing number of teens abusing prescription drugs is a very serious problem, says Calvina Fay, executive director of the Drug Free America Foundation. † â€Å"Television advertisements for prescription drugs give children and teens the wrong impression about medicine, she says† (USA TODAY Section: Life, Pg. 6) Teens basically see or hear the medicine on TV or radio, and thinks it is okay to use it. â€Å"Weve become a society that basically says, If things arent perfect in your life, take a pill, Fay says. †This causes our young people to see drugs as an answer (USA TODAY Section: Life, Pg. 06). But, if there no conflict with them, the y will use drugs to help them relax and have more fun. †But teens drink and smoke for other reasons as well. In the survey, 41% of boys responded that parties are more fun with drugs an increase from 34% in 2008. More than half reported that drugs help teens relax in social settings† (USA TODAY Section: Life, Pg. 06). Lastly, the best way to win the battle of Teen Drug Alcohol Abuse is to stop and prevent it even from happening. †Whether the drug in question is alcohol, Ecstasy, or cough syrup, drug abuse continues to be a serious among adolescents. † â€Å"As with any other problem in the school, education, awareness, and balance are the keys to prevention and to the development of potential solutions† (Teen Abuse of LEGAL Drugs is Serious Medicine 48). And keeping update to the latest information, for example 12-step philosophy. â€Å"A strong sense of spirituality and connection to positive religious institutions appear to be protective factors against addiction, and our adolescent program has a strong spiritual component in addition to its emphasis on the 12-step philosophy† (Teen Drug Abuse 29). These are the following steps: Direct Prevention programs to the parents, increase parenting skills training programs, involve the entire family in prevention efforts, educate mental health providers and pediatricians. Anywhere in your local town can provide information about drug prevention to your family and help your family’s management skills. â€Å"Community resources, such as community centers, places of worship, and schools, are good place for parents, teens, and other family members to learn about prevention and to increase their family management skills† (Teen Drug Abuse 30). Also, a parent that talks to their children, also teachers talk to their students about it before the subject comes up helps prevent it. â€Å"Some schools and parents are tackling the problem on two fronts: talking and testing. In a school in Texas, students have taken drug tests voluntarily. Those who passed were given cards entitling them to discounts at 150 local businesses. The discounts served incentives to keep teens off drugs. And the possibility of random drug tests has helped some youth ward off peer pressure to experiment with drugs in the first place† (TEEN DRUG ABUSE: BRINGING THE MESSAGE HOME 92). And being there for that child will help then make good choices and don’t use drugs is always the best prevention. Such protective factors include positive interactions with an adult role model, high self-esteem and social skills in resisting negative peer pressure. † â€Å"Youth must also be instructed in analyzing conflicting mass media message about drugs, says Bailey. † â€Å"Communities can help deter drug use by providing a range of drug-free social and recreational options† (The Futurist: Future Scope 8). The battle of drug abuse is still on this day, and the qu estion is up for discussion, are we losing to this battle called drug abuse among teenagers today? Three factors that still cause drugs abuse is curiosity, effects by the parents and lifestyle at home, peer pressure, and the â€Å"escape†. Drugs has a big effect in America and it needs to stop brainwashing teens today so teens today can live longer, be happier with themselves and be above the influence of peer pressure. Being above the influence is a way to say that they are not pressure from their friends to do bad things and having difficult, negative consequences for the rest of their life. Tony Blair, the youngest British prime minister of the 20th century when he took office in 1997 said these words: â€Å"The art of leadership is saying no, not saying yes. It is very easy to say yes. † These words get attention to many people, especially teens and children; they have to know how to say â€Å"no† before they said yes to anything, and it takes a leader to say no and walk alone you knowing you did the right thing. Works Cited Gordon, Susan M. TEEN DRUG ABUSE. (Cover story). Behavioral Health Management 23. 5 (2003): 25-30. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 8 Aug. 2011. William H. Richardson, et al. Teen Prescription Drug Abuse. Clinician Reviews 18. 11 (2008): 18-23. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 8 Aug. 2011. Perry, Patrick. TEEN DRUG ABUSE: BRINGING THE MESSAGE HOME. Saturday Evening Post 270. 3 (1998): 16-92. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 8 Aug. 2011. Preventing teen drug abuse. Futurist 26. 1 (1992): 8. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 8 Aug. 2011. Stephanie, Steinberg. Teen girls: Kids get high to cope. USA Today n. d. : Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 8 Aug. 2011.

The Work Of Art In The Age Of Mechanical Reproduction Summary Essay Example For Students

The Work Of Art In The Age Of Mechanical Reproduction Summary Essay Walter Benjamins The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction is written in an unfamiliar manner that left me totally confused. After reading the essay, I almost flew out the door to find the nearest bookstore to pick up a Cliffs Notes to help me better understand the reading. Benjamins thought process is being constantly interrupted with ambiguous Roman numerals which stray from idea to idea. Instead of the paper flowing naturally from thought to thought the Roman numerals act as stopping points between each subject he talks about. The paper seems to be more of a documentation of quotes on art reproduction than an essay on art reproduction. His use of footnotes is especially intriguing because they are used for more than just documenting quotes or sections of the text. The footnotes on some pages sometimes seem to contain more information than the actual body of the text. Its as if Benjamin states an idea or thought and then explains it further in the footnote rather than in following sentences. We will write a custom essay on The Work Of Art In The Age Of Mechanical Reproduction Summary specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In the seventh Roman numeral Benjamin said that Earlier much futile thought had been devoted to the question of whether photography is an art (Benjamin 85). Benjamin is unclear in his decision of whether photography is an art form or not. He just sees the ease of reproducibility as being a downside to the art form. The fact of the matter is that photography is just as much of an art form as painting and sculpture. A photographer chooses to capture a split second of time in any million of possible moments while also taking into account the angle, lighting, lens, color, and subject. Art is very controversial when it comes down to what is and isnt art. The particular way I clean a fish with precision and skill using a knife to get every portion of meat can be an art. Whos to say Im wrong. I am tired of reading essays about art criticism (Berger, Benjamin) that focus on what art isnt rather than what it is. Benjamin states The feeling of strangeness that overcomes the actor before the camera, as Pirandello describes it, is basically of the same kind of estrangement felt before ones own image in the mirror. But now the reflected image has become separable, transportable, and where is it transported? Before the public (Benjamin 88). The type of strangeness described by seeing yourself in the mirror or on film is separated by the fact that thousands of people will see you when on film, while in the mirror your aura is there only for you to see. The footnote following this quote states The change noted here in the method of exhibition caused by mechanical reproduction applies to politics as well. Since the innovations of camera and recording equipment make it possible for the orator to become audible and visible to an unlimited number of persons, the presentation of the man of politics before camera and recording equipment becomes paramount (Benjamin 88). This footnote compares a politician using film and TV to an actor acting in front of a camera. This method allows the politician to appear larger than life because he is seen by so many people at the same time. The politicians image has been transported before the public.

3 Examples of Misplaced Modifiers

3 Examples of Misplaced Modifiers 3 Examples of Misplaced Modifiers 3 Examples of Misplaced Modifiers By Mark Nichol n each of the following examples, placement of a phrase obfuscates the sentence’s narrative flow. Discussion and a revision follow each sentence. 1. Ultimately, it isn’t the strongest or the smartest companies that survive and prosper, but those that successfully adapt to change. Because â€Å"survive and prosper† applies to both the point and the counterpoint, it is best located at the end of the sentence; otherwise, the phrases ending in â€Å"that survive and prosper† and â€Å"that successfully adapt to change† appear to be distinct, whereas the second phrase, as part of the larger phrase beginning with but, is subordinate to the main clause: â€Å"Ultimately, it isn’t the strongest or the smartest companies, but those that successfully adapt to change, that survive and prosper.† 2. Anthony Ervin made history in the men’s 50-meter freestyle by becoming the oldest swimmer to win an individual Olympic gold medal at age thirty-five. This sentence states that of all the individual Olympic gold medalists in swimming who were thirty-five, Ervin was the oldest, but to correctly associate the age with Ervin alone, rather than with all thirty-five-year-old swimmers, the phrase â€Å"at age thirty-five† must be adjacent to Ervin’s name, preferably as an introductory phrase: â€Å"At age thirty-five, Anthony Ervin made history in the men’s 50-meter freestyle by becoming the oldest swimmer to win an individual Olympic gold medal.’ 3. Nevertheless, Neo-Nazis and white supremacists have been perpetuating the myth that the movie has an anti-Semitic message since at least 2008. The sentence could be misread to suggest that the myth is that the movie acquired a particular message in a specific year. To clarify that the year refers simply to the advent of the notion itself and is not integral to the notion, it should be placed near the head of the sentence: â€Å"Nevertheless, since 2008, Neo-Nazis and white supremacists have been perpetuating the myth that the movie has an anti-Semitic message.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Synonyms for â€Å"Leader†10 Types of Transitions10 Writing Exercises to Tighten Your Writing

Fair Trading Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fair Trading - Assignment Example The Office of Fair Trading is the most important government body in this connection. It has the power to impose penalties on those found breaching the law. The amendments made to this Act in May 2004 assigned greater powers to OFT so it can now conduct investigations in case a business is suspected of violating the prohibitions. Apart from Chapter 1 and II prohibitions, business need to be mindful of the anti-competitive activities outlined in Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty. These prohibitions are similar to those contained in Chapter I and II but contain some additional information. Company directors are under increased pressure from the government now with amendments to Company Directors Disqualification Act 1986 under the Enterprise Act 2002 whereby individuals found of breaching the law may face Competition Disqualification Orders. This can prevent them from managing a company for 15 years. Some key implications to remember include the power of OFT officials to demand documents that can establish the status of a firm and its trade practices. Any breach of fair trade practices can result in 10 percent fine for your business on an annual basis. Third parties can claim damages. The Enterprise Act 2002 has given additional force to compliance laws by making some anti-competitive activities criminal. The cartel offence clause can make some monopolistic activities liable to criminal prosecution. OFT gives priorities to cases of cartel offence and if found involved in a cartel, your business can face serious charges. The Fair Trading Act had initially granted power to Competition Commission for making monopoly references. However under Enterprise Act 2002 those powers have been assigned to Office of Fair Trading, which can now work as a statutory body in tandem with a Board. The Competition Commission is still an important body in this connection as it had the power to investigate monopolies on direction of Director of Fair Trade agency. However most of those powers have now been granted to Office of Fair Trading. It can still make investigations when appeal is registered on some decision taken by OFT. The Director General of Fair Trading has the power to investigate alleged breaches and if it finds that prohibitions have been violated, companies can be charged 10 percent of their annual revenue for 3 years. This is something that you will have to be very careful of since these charges can erode your profits for many years. That will consequently affect your share price and might result in a takeover. With the agencies and bodies that would try to control your monopolistic activities, there are some safeguards available which you should be aware of. If your company is concerned about possible monopolistic charges, you can instantly notify the Office of Fair Trading of agreements and any other activities that might constitute anti-competitive behavior. This can help you in seeking exemption by explaining how it might help and benefit other players. Secondly some agreements may actually not be in the jurisdiction of the agency and notification can help you understand where

Writing MEMO Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Writing MEMO - Assignment Example I had also kept site and server licensing up to date, as well as firmed up user access and security. As a result of my efforts, the unit I served experienced no major system failures during the year, and minor complaints or requests for assistance had been resolved within the same working day as they had been filed. My present strengths include technical proficiency and an in-depth knowledge of IT systems, which have served to improve my unit’s response times to 97% from a previous 84%. Aside from this, I have developed an excellent working relationship with my team and co-workers because of a genuine liking for people and an ease of getting along with others even in critical situations. Furthermore, I welcome challenges at work, which provide me an opportunity to grow and improve in those areas I my find myself lacking. While my technical competence and people skills have served me well in the past, I believe that there is room for growth in areas closely associated with my systems development function, such as matters concerning business applications – that is, logistics and materials inventory, financial management and control, strategic goals setting, human resources development, and so forth. In developing a comprehensive IT system, I feel that a deeper understanding of these fields will enhance the responsiveness of the systems I could develop and network for an improved information delivery system for the company. My immediate plan is to complete the advanced technical IT course I am currently undertaking, which shall be accomplished in the next two months, and thereafter to enroll in a Masters in Business Administration program to complement my present bachelor’s degree in MIS. In the course of discharging my duties as systems analyst, I have seen the need for a multifaceted approach to IT systems

Effects of Propaganda over Voting Behavior

Effects of Propaganda over Voting Behavior Dissertation Outline Abstract Chapter 1: Introduction The main purpose of this study is understanding the effect of propaganda over voting behaviour of Turkish University students. Thanks to this study we can see possible changes in Turkish Politics in terms of voting behavior. The research question is that how does propaganda affect voting behavior of students who study at Turkish Universities. I will apply experimental research method, because in experimental research we can see any changes effectively than other methods. Chapter 2: Review of the Literature I will look voting behavior and propaganda literature, thus I can measure changes of voting behavior and effects of propaganda over people’s decision. Chapter 3: Theoretical framework In this chapter I will talk about methodology of my study. I will explain every detail of my study in that part. Chapter 4: Results/ Findings In the 4th chapter I will share my results. I will give specific information about students reaction to propaganda and specific effects of these propaganda to voting behavior. Chapter 5: Discussion Conclusion Bibliography Appendix: There will be too much appendix in my study such as questions of tests, manifests of political parties and text of propaganda. Literature of Propaganda and Voting Behavior In this chapter, for understanding effectiveness of propaganda over voting behavior, we will look researches and studies which are related with voting behavior and propaganda. Evaluation of Propaganda French author Jean-Marie Domenach defines propaganda as â€Å"Propaganda is an attempt to influence the opinion and the conduct of a society in such a way that the people adopt a predetermined opinion and conduct.†[1](Domenach,1969: 7). In another article, John H. Burma defines propaganda as† For the purposes of this paper we shall consider propaganda as a systematic, planned attempt by an interested person or group to control the attitudes of persons or groups by means of suggestion, and consequently to control their actions.†[2](Burma,1939: 15). In another definition Garth S. Jovett and Victoria O’Donnel says that â€Å"Propaganda is a form of communication that attempts to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandis.†[3] Terence H. Qualter emphasized the necessity of audience adaptation: â€Å"Propaganda, to be effective, must be seen, remembered, understood, and acted upon. . . adapted to particular needs of the situati on and the audience to which it is aimed†[4] (Qualter, 1962) Propaganda actually started to use with the evolvement of organized society. This organized societies required leader or leaders for effective ruling, so leadership has important category in hierarchy of society. This importance of leaderships leads to competition among persons who want to be leader to society. In these competitions propaganda used often such as in ancient Egypt, in North America and Ancient Rome. However, propaganda is used firstly in 1622 by Papa XV as an organized structure. Gregory to publish Catholic Church’s views peacefully. Because, during this time there are religious wars started again, Papa knows that you cannot stop this conflict by using weapon or violent. There also occurred Protestant Reform Act, so Papa wanted to find solution by use peaceful ways to finish the conflict and prevent to growth of Protestant Church. Therefore he created â€Å"Sacra Congregatio de Propaganda Fide†. This organization became official part of Catholic Church; t his organization was responsible from spread Catholic Church views by the way of propaganda. In the 19th century, with the improvement of nation states and occurrence of World War I and World War II provide huge area of usage for propaganda. After the Word War I, many people learned that what is propaganda and how politicians apply the propaganda. With the Great War propaganda completely settled to language literature. In the First World War, Allied Powers and Central Powers used propaganda for providing legitimacy and preparing people to war. According to Terence H. Qualter,† During World War I, propaganda used not only as a noun but also used as adjective and it refers to deception and lie for achieving a goal or act. This usage leads to psychological wars today.†[5] (Qualter H. 1962) During World War I, the United States produces a documentary series which name is â€Å"Why We Fight†. The basic aim of this documentary is preparing and providing high level psychological power among citizens and soldiers. Hovland who is documentary maker, tried to show of legitimacy of war. Domenach describes 4 rules for propaganda such as the rule of simplification and enemy, the rule of exaggeration and distortion, the rule of overall planning, the rule of transmission, the rule of unanimity and contagion. These rules are most important for successful propaganda, because successful propaganda needs good communication techniques. C. BaltacÄ ± and E. Eke support that political parties use propaganda by the way of 5 basic tools such as political campaign, gallup poll, canvass with face to face meeting, mass media and part meetings. C. BaltacÄ ± and E. Eke also advocate that political propagandas which is used by political parties, have important effect over citizens decision. Especially hesitant citizens are more affected than other citizens. Therefore, propaganda reduces uncertainty of voters about political decision. Tobias Ursprung emphasize that propagandas provide free information to voters, but this free information is complex, not includes cause and ef fect relationship, so citizens do not check this information because it requires too much effort and time. Therefore, validity of information is important for effect citizens’ decision ( Tobias Ursprung, 1992). Especially in election time, politicians frequently apply to propaganda, so politicians stack too much information to citizens. Citizens try to pass in brain filter to understand this information, but if the information is too complicated, citizens do not show extra effort for understand that information; because, there are too much information and citizens do not have enough time to justify all information. Therefore, propagandists do not give truth information to citizens every time. Joseph Goebbels who is minister of Reichs Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda during Nazi Government in 1933, says that â€Å"If you tell a lie big enough and keep it repeating it, people will eventually come to believe it.† There are two basic discussion over propaganda. The first one is education and propaganda relationship. There is too much commentary over this discussion. Terence H. Qualter criticized these commentaries and he created a new interpretation. Terence H. Qualter mentioned that if it is known that material is not truth but teaching the material is still continues with the aim of manipulation, this act called as propaganda. On the other hand if there is thought that this material is absolutely truth, this can be not only education but also be propaganda. Apart from reality, if aim of the act is to manipulate people’s decision and behavior for a specific goal, this situation also called as propaganda. In the standard of education, the important thing is reality and trueness of material. On the other hand in the standard of propaganda, the important thing is aim in the teaching. Another discussion topic in propaganda is deception. Terence H. Qualter advocates that propaganda and dece ption is not same thing. Propagandist of course use falsity terms, especially in pressure times they use falsity words than truth. However, the basic principle of propaganda is not say truth or lie. The basic principle of propaganda is being persuasive. Propagandist use not only falsity but also use truth for manipulate the target group. Therefore, it is biggest thought that propaganda and deception are similar. Basically, there are three conditions of lie like that material must be away from reality, it is know that this situation away from reality, and the main aim must be manipulation. However when these 3 conditions came together, understand to lie is very difficult in practice. Many times people cannot discriminate innocent lie and conscious lie. This uncertain situation occurred important result in World War II. During World War II English Air Force declared that 2.698 German Warcrafts are defeated by English Air Force. However, number of defeated warcraft in German Air Force was 1.733. In that situation English Air Force’s declaration is truth actually, but they did not calculate that some planes could reach to German Air Force Base and could repair in there. In that topic another point is that people must have information as soon as propagandist to understand propaganda (Qualter 1962) Every person cannot have information about everything, so it is difficult to understand that when there is an act, it is a kind of propaganda or not. Voting Behavior In the politics, analyzing voting behavior provides successful results in election for politicians. Therefore, politicians give importance to analyze voting behavior. As a result of these analyses, political parties determine their policies. In the literature, basic study of voting behavior is â€Å"The American Voter†. This study is prepared by Angus Campbell, Philip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller and Donald E. Stokes at Survey Research Center , University of Michigan in 1960.Their main argument is funnel model. According to this model, citizens firstly learn their part ID from their parents and socialization. Citizens become dependents this party psychologically. Citizens’ partisanship shapes the development of citizens’ attitudes, because citizens like their party, they adopt its position. Socialization leads to partisanship and affect people’s voting behavior. Before this study, there was another study which is prepared by Columbia University and this study support that mass media do not directly influence voting behavior, mass media cannot shape people’s decision, it is only supply existence idea. After that study of Michigan University occurred and they supported political party ID . There are some supporters of the theory that the media have limited access to the decision-making process of voters claim four key reasons in â€Å"minimal effects model†. The first is that citizens are not sufficiently interested to take note of the media. The second reason is that conflicting messages cancel one another out. The third reason is that Citizens are selective, and they choose to receive only such information as reinforces their existing preferences. The last reason is that the messages which are absorbed are catalysed through individuals’ own interactions and communication.[6] Ahmet Taner KÄ ±Ãƒâ€¦Ã… ¸lalÄ ± supports that â€Å"there are four determined elements of voting behavior such as; security, dignity request, emotional dependence and religious-political beliefs† (KÄ ±Ãƒâ€¦Ã… ¸lalÄ ±, 1987). In that definition security is related with economy. Ahmet Taner KÄ ±Ãƒâ€¦Ã… ¸lalÄ ± also mentioned that people who have low but stable economic revenue wants stability in economics and also politics. They do not prefer any risky situations, they prefer protect possessed economic value. On the other hand, some group of people who do not see respect in the society, feel lack of confidence against present government, so they prefer alteration and they give alternative parties. Emotional dependence refers to people can feel dependent himself to a leader or a political party, so they vote to this leaders or party even if policies of the political party or leaders are insufficient. Similarly, religion and political view also affect people’s voting decision. People feel dependence to religious and political view (KÄ ±Ãƒâ€¦Ã… ¸lalÄ ±, 1987). According to Lipset and Lazarsfeld, if policy of government is related with interest of a social group, member of this social group became active in election, so participation to the election will increase. There is a pressure in society about political participation, in that society electoral participation also increases. However this situation can change according to relationship between individuals and group. Lipset and Lazasfeld also mentioned that there are some indicators which change side of vote. For example, with the transition from agricultural society to industrial society, aspects of class society become more effective rather than regional effects in voting decision. With the increase of social inequality, people’s participation to politics also increases. With the industrialization, welfare in society increased and people started to compare their welfare with other countries, in that situation if their states stay behind of other countries in terms of welfare, the re started infelicity. Apart from welfare, daily political events also affect citizen’s decision, especially irresolute citizens. For example, with the increase of violence acts in the country, hesitant citizens can vote to alternative parties. (LÄ ±pset and Lazarsfeld 1954:364) According to Rui Antunes , there three basic models of voting behavior such as social, psychosocial and rational choice. In the first model of voting behavior, Harrop and Miller advocate that social groups are more important than individuals in voting behavior. They refuse individualism which is supported by economic and psychological approach. Socialist approach says that people’s approaches and value system are important in voting behavior, so socio-economic status; geography and social groups become important elements in voting behavior. The basic subject of sociologist approach is not voter; their basic focus area is political parties and social groups (Harrop and Miller 1987: 157). The basic principle of groups is foundation of norms and punish to members who do not follow norms of the group. This situation leads to increase of political participation. In the psychological model of voting behavior, important thing is voter’s dependency to the political party like a supporter of a football team. The basic assumption of psychologist approach is that choices of voters based on power of psychological elements, under that psychological power, citizens transform to partisanship. â€Å"Partisanship is acquired through a socialization process, influenced by the values and attitudes of family, colleagues and peers† (Antunes, 2010). Partisanship is a genuine form of social identification in which â€Å"Citizens have an enduring sense of what sorts of people belong to various parties and whether they identify with these social groups† (Green, Palmquist, Schickler, 2002). The last approach over voting behavior is rational choose approach. This approach is firstly used by Antony Downs in his famous book â€Å"An economic theory of democracy†. In that approach self-interests are main focuses. When citizens vote, they consider their self-interest. This approach refuses emotional elements and dependency to a political party or leader, s ocial environment. In that approach, citizens evaluate past events and decisions rationally and they take decision according to result of this evaluation. Voters do not focus promises, they focus realistic results. Therefore, politicians cannot affect those citizens by the way of propaganda. Citizens think only maximization of profit and they give their decision in the light of this idea. (Antunes, 2010) Apart from these basic models there are also resonance model, this model support that persuasion to voters is acceptable, but political campaign work together with voters’ education and idea. New political campaigns merge with other older information, after that situation, voters can impressed or not from propaganda. The most important power among voters’ past information is political party ID. (Iyengar and Simon 2000:158) In voting behavior literature John E. Jackson has important study. His study based on reciprocal influences between part affiliations and part evaluations. He mentioned that† part identifications are highly influenced by people’s evaluations of what policies each party advocates relative to their own preferences and party affiliations have little direct influence on the voting decision except for people who see little or no difference† (Jackson, 1975). With the improvement of technology, internet also becomes important part of people’s life. Internet has led to a significant reduction in the cost of information. The possibility of distributing information at a low cost further increased the number of available sources of information. Thanks to internet, voters can reach the information easily and they can decrease effect of manipulation to minimum. W. Lance Bennet support importance of political image, he says that there are three elements in creating political image. The first element is preparing simple theme or message for voters. The other element is designing the messages more effective and attractive than other candidates. The last element is using all ways to reach voters (Bennet, 2000). Bruce Newman mentioned that for creating an image in voter’s brain, politicians emphasis that candidates personal qualities. There are a lot of factors which create political image. Generally political image of candidate includes honesty, reliability, specialty, and achievement and intelligence terms. All these terms are combined with body language, thus candidates try to change voters’ decision (Newman,1999). Schmitt-Beck and Farrell studied over political campaign and voting behavior and they support that political campaigns may be effective, but level of effectiveness can be changeable, so effect of campaign can change according to condition and situation. References BaltacÄ ±, Cemal Eke, Erdal â€Å"Siyasal Propaganda Araà §larÄ ±nÄ ±n Seà §men DavranÄ ±Ãƒâ€¦Ã… ¸Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ± ÃÅ"zerindeki Etkisine Yà ¶nelik Seà §men AlgÄ ±sÄ ±: Isparta Ãâ€"rnek OlayÄ ± â€Å",UluslararasÄ ± Alanya Ä °Ãƒâ€¦Ã… ¸letme Fakà ¼ltesi Dergisi, :2012, p115-126 Domenach, J M., â€Å"Politika ve Propaganda†, Çev.Tahsin Yà ¼cel, VarlÄ ±k YayÄ ±nlarÄ ±, Ä °stanbul, 2003. Ursprung, Tobias,† The use and effect of political propaganda in democracies’†, Kiuwer Academic Publishers,1992, p 259-282 Burma, John H., â€Å"The General Theory of Propaganda†,1939,p15-19 Qualter, Terence H,†Propoganda Teorisi ve PropagandanÄ ±n GeliÃ…Å ¸imi† Çev.ÃÅ"nal Oksay,p 255-307 Antues, Rui,† Theoretical models of voting behavior†, Escola Superior de Educaà §Ãƒ £o Instituto Polità ©cnico de Coimbra,2010, p 145-170 Falck, Oliver Gold, Robert Heblich, Stephan,† E-lections: Voting Behavior and the Internet† American Economic Review, 2014, p 2238–2265 Kannan, Harini L.,2009,† Electoral Manipulations, Economic Policies and Voting Behavior in India† Bartels, Larry M., 2008,† The Study of Electoral Behavior† Visser, Max, 1996,† Voting: A Behavioral Analysis†, Behavior and Social Issues, Volume 6, No. 1, p 23-34 AydÄ ±n KÄ ±lÄ ±Ãƒ §, Esra, â€Å"Seà §menlerin Oy Verme DavranÄ ±Ãƒâ€¦Ã… ¸larÄ ±nda Etkili olan Siyasal Faktà ¶rlere Ä °liÃ…Å ¸kin Bir araÃ…Å ¸tÄ ±rma: Ankara Ãâ€"rneÄÅ ¸i† 21.yà ¼zyÄ ±lda Sosyal Bilimler, sayÄ ±:2, p179-222 Karahan, Zeynep, â€Å"Yasal Ä °letiÃ…Å ¸im Yà ¶ntemlerinin Seà §men DavranÄ ±Ãƒâ€¦Ã… ¸Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ±na Etkisi ve 22 Temmuz 2007 Seà §imleri†, Alotaibi, Nasser N.,2013, Media Effects on Voting Behavior, European Scientific Journal , vol.9, No.20,p 1-11 YÄ ±lmaz, Ayhan , â€Å"Seà §im Dà ¶nemlerinde Oy Verme DavranÄ ±Ãƒâ€¦Ã… ¸Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ±nÄ ± ArtÄ ±rÄ ±cÄ ±Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ °litiÃ…Å ¸im KampanyalarÄ ±Ã¢â‚¬ ,p 395-420 Jovett, G. 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